What is Korean Buddhism? (extensive)


(a) Koguryo

There are no existing records of Koguryo bhikkunis. So we can only guess at their way of life and type of activities through the records of the Bhikku Sangha. Considering the development of Buddhism in Koguryo and the active achievement of Koguryo bhikkus, there must have been many bhikkunis in Koguryo and the Bhikkuni Sangha must have flourished, too. According to a Japanese record, in 587, Koguryo Master Hyep'yon ordained three Japanese bhikkunis for the first time in Japan before they traveled to Paekje in order to study (see Paekje below). So there definitely was an ordination ceremony for bhikkunis in Koguryo. Bhikkuni Popmyong became the teacher of the three Japanese bhikkunis in 587 and this shows that the Koguryo Bhikkuni Sangha had formed its own system to practice and educate the people with bhikkunis who were sufficiently experienced to become teachers.

Through Japanese records it is seen that Koguryo bhikkunis came to Japan and educated people. But it is not possible to know about the background, activities and the status of the Bhikkuni Sangha. Although most probably differing in many characteristics, we can assume that the Koguryo Bhikkuni Sangha was quite similar to that of Paekje. It is most probable that the toyunarang system (bhikkuni organization ?see below) existed.

During the reign of the 27th Koguryo King Yongyu (r. 618-642), Taoism was introduced to Koguryo and gained a lot of power. Due to this many monks left Koguryo. During the reign of King Pojang (r. 642-668), Buddhism declined to such an extent that Master Podok was refused by the king when he applied to revive Buddhism. So he left for the south and went to live there on Kodal-san mountain at Wansan-ju. The Bhikkuni Sangha must have also been greatly affected by these political changes.
Koguryo, the first of the Three Kingdoms to accept Buddhism, had a Sangha which was well supported by the kings. The Bhikkuni Sangha produced bhikkunis like Popmyong who educated the Japanese which shows that they must have been well enough organized to train bhikkunis from abroad.


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