|
(a) Koguryo
There are no existing records of Koguryo bhikkunis. So we can only guess
at their way of life and type of activities through the records of the
Bhikku Sangha. Considering the development of Buddhism in Koguryo and the
active achievement of Koguryo bhikkus, there must have been many bhikkunis
in Koguryo and the Bhikkuni Sangha must have flourished, too. According to
a Japanese record, in 587, Koguryo Master Hyep'yon ordained three Japanese
bhikkunis for the first time in Japan before they traveled to Paekje in
order to study (see Paekje below). So there definitely was an ordination
ceremony for bhikkunis in Koguryo. Bhikkuni Popmyong became the teacher of
the three Japanese bhikkunis in 587 and this shows that the Koguryo
Bhikkuni Sangha had formed its own system to practice and educate the
people with bhikkunis who were sufficiently experienced to become teachers.
Through Japanese records it is seen that Koguryo bhikkunis came to Japan
and educated people. But it is not possible to know about the background,
activities and the status of the Bhikkuni Sangha. Although most probably
differing in many characteristics, we can assume that the Koguryo Bhikkuni
Sangha was quite similar to that of Paekje. It is most probable that the
toyunarang system (bhikkuni organization ?see below) existed.
During the reign of the 27th Koguryo King Yongyu (r. 618-642), Taoism was
introduced to Koguryo and gained a lot of power. Due to this many monks
left Koguryo. During the reign of King Pojang (r. 642-668), Buddhism
declined to such an extent that Master Podok was refused by the king when
he applied to revive Buddhism. So he left for the south and went to live
there on Kodal-san mountain at Wansan-ju. The Bhikkuni Sangha must have
also been greatly affected by these political changes.
Koguryo, the first of the Three Kingdoms to accept Buddhism, had a Sangha
which was well supported by the kings. The Bhikkuni Sangha produced
bhikkunis like Popmyong who educated the Japanese which shows that they
must have been well enough organized to train bhikkunis from abroad.
|