ÁÖ: http://home.btclick.com/scimah/¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ë Áß °úÇаú Á÷Á¢ °ü·ÃµÈ ºÎºÐ¸¸ ¹ø¿ªÀ» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â °ÍºÎÅÍ ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¹ø¿ªÀÌ ¾ÈµÈ ºÎºÐÀº ¿ø¹®°ú ¸µÅ©¸¦ ÇØ³õ¾Æ Âü°íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ³»¿ëÀ» °ø°³Çϰí ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ÇØ ÁØ ÀúÀÚ¿¡°Ô °¨»çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
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Buddhist Spirituality versus Materialism - Essays on Modern Buddhism, Philosophy and Science
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ÁÖ ¸Þ´º »çÀÌÆ® ¿ä¾à |
ÀÌ »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ ¿¡¼¼À̵éÀº ¹°¸®ÇлӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐ, »ý¹°ÇÐ, À¯ÀüÇÐ, ¿ìÁÖ·Ð, memetics, ÁøÈ ½É¸®ÇÐ, »çȸÇÐ, ±×¸®°í ±âŸ °ü·Ã ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ÇöÀç ÁøÇà »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾÷µ¥ÀÌÆ®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. À̿ʹ ´Þ¸®, ºÒ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÀÀ ³íÀïÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶² öÇÐÀÇ °Á¡µéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀº À̸¦ ³í¹ÚÇÏ·Á´Â Á¢±Ù¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
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Alphabetically arranged resources.
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Algorithm (¾Ë°í¸®Áò)
'...¹°¸®ÇÐ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ¸·Î ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌÆ® µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ À̷лó ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ¸·Î ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌÆ® µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸ðµç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ºñ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ °¡Á³À½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù...'
Anthropology of religion (Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀηùÇÐ)
'...¸¹Àº ÀηùÇÐÀÚ»çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¸ðµç Á¾±³¸¦ memes (Çà¿îÀÇ ÆíÁö¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀüÆÄµÇ´Â ±â»ýÀûÀÎ Á¤½Å ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º)·Î °ÝÇϽÃŰ´Â À¯ÇàÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù...'Anti-Buddhist arguments (¹ÝºÒ±³ ³íÁ¡)
ºÒ±³¿Í ºÒ±³ öÇп¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ³íÁ¡.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) (ÀΰøÁö´É)
'...Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¤½Å Ȱµ¿Àº ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ¸·Î ȯ¿øµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç µû¶ó¼ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ»ó¿¡ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °üÁ¡ÀÎ °è»êÁÖÀÇ ¶Ç´Â öÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀΰøÁö´É, (¶§¶§·Î °ÇÑ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ¸·Îµµ ¾Ë·ÁÁü)...'Automaton
'...automatonÀÇ ³»ºÎÀû »óÅÂ, ÀԷ°ú Ãâ·ÂÀº °íÀ¯ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾î¶² ÀÇ¹Ì (Àǹ̷Ð)µµ ±× ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹Ù±ù¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ºÎ¿©µÇ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù....'B
Bardo
'... ¼¾ç ¹°ÁúÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â Á×Àº ¸¶À½ÀÇ »óÅ´ ²¨Áø »óÅÂ/ ºñÁ¸Àç/ Ȱµ¿ ¾øÀ½ÀÇ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¼Ò¸êÀÌ´Ù - ¾î¶² °æÇèµµ ¾ø´Ù. ºÒ±³µµ¿¡°Ô´Â '¸¶À½ ¾øÀ½'À» »ó»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. À°Ã¼¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®µÈ ¸¶À½ÀÇ »óÅ´ ´Éµ¿Àû, ȯ°¢Àû, ¾÷ÀÇ ÈçÀû¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸µÈ, ¶§·Î´Â ¾Ç¸ù °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù...'
Behaviorism (ÇൿÁÖÀÇ)
'... ¿øÀÚ¿¡¼ °¶·°½Ã¿¡ À̸£´Â ¸ðµç Çö»óÀÌ ³»ºÎ Á¤½Å »óŸ¦ ÅëÇØ¼¸¸ ¾Ë·ÁÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Æ¹«µµ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ³î¶ø´Ù. ¸¸¾à ³»ºÎ Á¤½Å »óŰ¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é À̵éÀ» ÅëÇØ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍµéÀº Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù - Á¿ìÁö°£, Ç×»ó ÀÌÇØ¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. (±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸¶ À̰ÍÀº ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³Ä¸é ÀÌÇØ´Â ³»Àû Á¤½Å »óÅÂÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¶ÇÇÑ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù!)...'
Buddha(º×´Ù)
ºÎóÀÇ »î
Buddhism in the West (¼¾ç¿¡¼ÀÇ ºÒ±³)
ÇÑ ÀÛÀº ¿µ±¹ ¸¶À»À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹ýÀÇ ÀüÆÄ
Buddhist Art - thangkhas etc -
Amitabha, Amitayus, Asanga, Atisha, Avalokiteshvara, Bodhisattva Maitreya, Bodhisattva Manjushri, Buddha Shakyamuni, Chandrakirti, Dorje Shugden, Dromtonpa, Geshe Chekawa, Geshe Langri Tangpa, Ghantapada, Green Tara, Hero Vajradharma, Heruka, Je Tsongkhapa, Lama Losang Tubwang Dorjechang, Maitreya, Manjushri, Medicine Buddha, Nagarjuna, Naropa, Shantideva, Stupa, Vajradhara, Vajradharma, Vajrasattva, Vajrayogini, Wheel of Life, White Tara, 35 Confession Buddhas, Advice from Atisha's Heart, The Bodhisattva's Vows, The Heart Sutra,The Eleven Reversals, Eight Verses of Training the Mind, Prayer of the Stages of the Path, Field of Merit, The Refuge Vows, Special Array of Offerings, Spontaneous Accomplishment, The Three Principal Aspects of the Path, Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Texas thangkha.C
Christianity and Buddhism, Genesis and Science. (±âµ¶±³¿Í ºÒ±³, â¼¼±â¿Í °úÇÐ)
'±âµ¶±³ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ â¼¼±âÀÇ Áø½ÇÀ» °¥¸ÁÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ºÒ±³µéÀº ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °úÇÐÀû ¼³¸íÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀδÙ.'
Compassion
'...compassion is the root of a Buddha because all Buddhas arise fom the mind of compassion, it is the root of Dharma because Buddhas give Dharma teachings out of compassion for others, and it is the root of the Sangha because it is impossible to become Sangha without practising compassion.'
Creationism
'Bible-believing creationists claim that the world and all its species were created in six days of a single week around 4004 BC . In contrast, Buddhist philosophy is evolutionary. Buddha taught that all things are impermanent, constantly arising, becoming, changing and fading.'
D
Darwinism (´ÙÀ©¼³)
'¼º°æ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÏ¿© ÁøÈ·ÐÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ø¼þÀÌ¿Í Àΰ£, Áï, Àΰ£°ú µ¿¹°°£»çÀÌ¿¡ ¿¬¼Óü°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. Àΰ£°ú µ¿¹°Àº Á×À½¿¡¼ »ì¾Æ³ª´Â Áß»ý½ÉÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â ºÒ±³µµµé¿¡°Ô´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÅÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸´Â Ç×»ó Àΰ£¸¸ÀÌ ºÒ¸êÀÇ È¥À» °¡Á³°í µ¿¹°Àº Á×À½¿¡ À̸£·¯ ¸¶À½ÀÌ »ç¶óÀÚ´Â ÀÚµ¿±â°è¶ó°í °¡¸£ÃĿԴÙ.'Dawkins on Buddhism ºÒ±³¿¡ °üÇÑ µµÅ²½ºÀÇ ±Û
Richard Dawkins ±³¼ö°¡ ÀϺ» ½Å¹® 'The Daily Yomiuri' ÀÇ À¯·´ Åë½Å¿ø Shiochi Habu¿Í ºÒ±³¿Í ±âŸ Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÎÅͺäÇÑ ³»¿ë.
See also The Selfish Gene and memes.
Dharma
'....We could change our home or our partner countless times, but until we change our restless, discontented mind we shall never find true happiness...'Dorje Shugden - Tibetan Dharmapala.
Dualism (ÀÌ¿ø·Ð)
'¹°ÁúÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¾çÀÇ ´ëÀÀÀº ÀÌ¿ø·ÐÀÌ´Ù. Áï ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â ¹°ÁúÀû ´ë»ó°ú ¿µÈ¥ À̶ó´Â µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿ø·ÐÀÇ ´ëÇ¥Àû Àι°Àº µ¥Ä«¸£Æ®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¤½ÅÀû °æÇèÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î Ư¡À¸·Î Àΰ£¸¸ÀÌ °¡Á³À¸¸ç ÀÌ¹Ì Àß Á¤ÀǵÈ, ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â, ¹°Áú ¿ìÁÖ·Î µé¾î°£, ³ªÁß¿¡ Ãß°¡µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Dukkha
'Dukkha is sometimes translated as suffering but in actual fact encompasses all senses of unsatisfactoriness, even including pleasure (which evolution has contrived will always be a transient sensation - lest it detract too much from the grim business of survival).'E
Educational resources (±³À° ÀÚ¿ø)
¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸£¸¶Einstein
¾ÆÀνºÅ¸ÀÎÀÌ ºÒ±³µµ? - Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ¸µÅ©µé.Emergence - is the mind an emergent property of the brain? (¸¶À½Àº ³úÀÇ µå·¯³ ¼Ó¼ºÀΰ¡?)
¸¶À½Àº ³ú³ª ±âŸ ´Ù¸¥ ¹°ÁúÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ µå·¯³ ¼Ó¼ºÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿Ö³Ä¸é µå·¯³ª´Â ¼Ó¼º°ú µå·¯³ª´Â Çö»óÀº ±Ù¿øÀÌ ½É¸®ÀûÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â À§Çؼ´Â °üÂûÀÚÀÇ ¸¶À½À̶ó´Â îñ Á¸Àç°¡ ¿ä±¸µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
Emptiness (°ø)
'Milinda ¿ÕÀº ±×¸®½º »ç¶÷À¸·Î °æÇè ¸¹Àº ±ºÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÀüÂ÷¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Nagasena´Â ¿ÕÀÇ ÀüÂ÷¸¦ Á¡Â÷·Î ÇØÃ¼ÇÏ¸é ¾î´À ÁöÁ¡¿¡ '¸¶Â÷'ÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°í 'ÇÑ ¹«´õ±âÀÇ ÀåÀÛ´õ¹Ì'°¡ µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀüÇô¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù.'
Empty set - the origins of number (°øÁýÇÕ - ¼ýÀÚÀÇ ±â¿ø)
'..ÃÖÁ¾ ºÐ¼®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Àüü ¼ýÀÚ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº °ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¿¬±Ø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ¼¼¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀû ´ë»óÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¼ýÀڴ³»ÀçµÈ 'ÇöóÅæÀûÀÎ' Á¸À縦 ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.'Engineering anomalies (ÀÌ·¹Àû °øÇÐ)
'¾çÀÚ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ¹°Áú¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸¶À½ÀÌ Å« ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å°¡ ´Ã°í ÀÖ´Ù.'Entheogens
Why use a sledgehammer to break down the doors of perception when you could simply turn the key?
Epiphenomenalism (ºÎ¼öÇö»ó¼³(ݾâËúÞßÚàã) (( ÀǽÄÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ³úÀÇ »ý¸®ÀûÇö»ó¿¡ ºÎ¼öµÈ°ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¼³)) )
'Àǽİú »ç°í °úÁ¤Àº ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸ ³úÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀû Ȱµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ý±ä ºÎ¼öÇö»óÀ¸·Î¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿© ÇൿÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ºñÆÇÀ» ÇÇÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÁÖÀå¿¡¼ »ç°í´Â ¾î¶² ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â ±â´Éµµ °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö´Â ȯ»óÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.'F
Feminine spirituality, philosophy and science
'Why is God male rather than female? Gender is required to allow DNA to recombine and evolve in different and potentially novel combinations. Patriarchal religions preach that God is a single unborn, uncreated, unevolved, non-biological entity who does not reproduce and will endure for all eternity. He hasn't undergone evolution Himself, so why does He need to be sexually differentiated at all?.
Feud between Science and Religion (°úÇаú Á¾±³»çÀÌÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÀ̵å)
'¸¹Àº (´ëºÎºÐ?) °úÇÐÀÚ´Â Á¾±³°¡ ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̰í, ¸ù¸ÅÁÖÀÇ, ¹Ù°úÇÐÀûÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ¼º°æ¿¡ ¾²¿©Áø °Í°ú´Â ´Þ¸® Áö±¸°¡ žçÀ» µ¹°íÀÖ´Ù´Â ¹ß°ßÀ» ÇÑ °¥¸±·¹¿À·Î °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°£´Ù.' (ÁÖ: Á¾±³ °³ÇõÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ·çÅÍÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¼º°æ¿¡¼ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¸ØÃß¶ó°í ÇÑ °ÍÀº Áö±¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó žçÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.)Formless mind (ÇüÅ ¾ø´Â ¸¶À½)
'±Ùº» ¸¶À½À» 'ÇüÅ ¾øÀ½'À̶ó°í ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ÜÁö ºñ-¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇѰ谡 ¾ø°í, ºñ±â°èÀûÀÌ°í ¾î¶² ±¸Á¶³ª ÅäÆú·ÎÁö·ÎºÎÅ͵µ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Ó´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ºÒ±³ ½É¸®Çп¡¼ ±Ùº» ¸¶À½Àº ºñ¹°ÁúÀûÀÌ°í ºñ¾Ë°í¸®µëÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸¶À½Àº ȸ·Îµµ¿Í ÇÁ·Î¿ìÂ÷Æ®·Î ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¼ø¼ö ÀνÄ(pure awareness)ÀÌ´Ù.'G
Genes, Memes and Buddhism (À¯ÀüÀÚ, Memes, ºÒ±³)
'...¿ì¸®´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ ±â°è·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³°í meme ±â°è¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±³ÈµÇÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇ×ÇÒ ÈûÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô À̱âÀû º¹Á¦ÀÚÀÇ ÆøÁ¤¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇØ ¹Ý¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù..' - Richard DawkinsGeology
'...the formation of coal deposits over millions of years, was totally at variance with what my teachers taught about the age of the earth in Religious Instruction.God
'For in Him we live, and move, and have our being'I
Inherent existence - lack of, see emptinessIntroduction to Buddhism
'...Buddha taught many profound methods of spiritual training, all of which are practical ways to purify and control our mind. If we put these methods into practice we shall definitely gain a special experience of mental peace. By continuing to improve this experience, deluded states of mind will gradually diminish and our inner peace will grow..'K
Karma (¾÷)
'Sow an action, reap a habit. (Çüµ¿À̶ó´Â ¾¾¸¦ »Ñ¸®¸é, ½À°üÀ» ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù.)
Sow a habit, reap a character. (½À°üÀ̶ó´Â ¾¾¸¦ »Ñ¸®¸é, ¼º°ÝÀ» ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù.)
Sow a character, reap a destiny.' (¼º°ÝÀ̶ó´Â ¾¾¸¦ »Ñ¸®¸é, ¿î¸íÀ» ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù.)L
Laws of physics - their anthropic origin (¹°¸®¹ýÄ¢µé-±× Àΰ£Àû ±â¿ø)
'°ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÚ À̷аú ºÒ±³ °¡¸£Ä§Àº °üÂûÀÚÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¾î¶² ÁßøµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú Á¢ÃËÀ» ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ¹«¼öÇÑ ¸ðµç °¡´É¼ºµéÀÌ ÇѰ¡Áö Çö½Ç·Î ºØ±«ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¼ø°£ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡´É¼º ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¿ìÁÖµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ °üÂûÇÏ´Â »ý¸íÇüÅÂ(observing lifeform), Áï ¸¶À½À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¸¶À½¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ù¹øÂ° °üÂûµÈ °ÍÀº ÁßøµÈ ¸ÖƼ ¿ìÁÖ¸¦ Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î ºØ±«½ÃÄ×´Ù. 'M
Madhyamika Prasangika Philosophy
'The teachings on emptiness (Sanskrit sunyata or shunyata) find their most articulate development in the Kadampa branch of Mahayana Buddhism (Madhyamika Prasangika philosophy). To the Kadampas nothing exists 'inherently' or 'from its own side'.
Mahayana
'The Mahayana practitioner's objective is to achieve advanced spiritual states (culminating after many lifetimes in Buddhahood), in order to guide, teach and ultimately rescue all unhappy sentient beings from their suffering. To do this she needs to develop a number of attributes including great compassion (bodhicitta). '
Marxism
'In Marxist countries most religions were suppressed to a greater or lesser extent, Buddhism being a particular object of persecution. The reason for this is fairly clear, for unlike the other belief-systems that Marxism encountered, Buddhism was the only one which offered a rational, logically coherent philosophy, and thus presented a real ideological threat to the Marxist materialist worldview'.
Materialism
'...The version of materialism prevalent nowadays is more accurately known as physicalism. Physicalism has grown out of advances during the second half of the twentieth century in the fields of genetics, evolution and computer technology. Modern physicalism takes as its subject matter DNA codes, computer instruction sets and datastructures, rather than the bouncing billiard balls of the nineteenth and early twentieth century materialists..'Mathematics - Its unreasonable effectiveness in science and engineering
Metaphysics (ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ)
So we are left with something of a mystery. According to the physicalist worldview, the mind (including mathematicians' minds) is an epiphenomenon of matter which has evolved solely to ensure the survival of the selfish genes which code for it. Why should this 'top-level' phenomenon have such intimate access to the 'bottom level' phenomena such as quantum physics? After all, the two levels are supposedly separated by less well-understood (in some cases) explanatory layers such as evolutionary psychology, neurology, cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, and chemistry.
Meditation
' ...Meditation overcomes inner problems such as those created by anger, jealousy, attachment, and ignorance It controls our mind and brings inner peace. It enables us to cultivate virtuous intentions that lead us to perform good actions and eliminate non-virtuous intentions that lead us to perform harmful actions..'
Meme theory and memetics
'¸í»óÀº ¸¶À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º °Ë»ç´Â ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù´Â »ö´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¸°½ÃÀý ¼¼³ú¿¡¼ ³²Àº Â±â¿Í °°Àº Àáº¹ÇØ ÀÖ´Â memesÀ» Ç¥¸éÀ¸·Î °¡Á®¿Í °ËÅäÇØº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °øÆ÷, ÁËÃ¥°¨¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯µµµÈ, °ü½À¿¡ µû¸£·ÁÇÏ´Â, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼øÀÀÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó°Å³ª ºñ½Åµµµéº¸´Ù ³´´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÚ¸¸ÇÏ´Â Àڱ⠾ð±ÞÀû(self-referential) ¹ÏÀ½ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÀÜÀçµéÀº ±× ¸ð½À ±×´ë·Î ÀÎ½ÄµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.'
'ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀº ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î '¹°¸®ÇÐ ³Ê¸Ó'¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀº ¹°¸®Çк¸´Ù ´õ ±âº»ÀûÀ̰ųª ¹°¸®ÇÐÀû ºÐ¼®°ú ÀÌÇØ ¹æ¹ý ³Ê¸Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Çö»óÀ» ´Ù·é´Ù.'
Mind - experiencing its non-physical nature (¸¶À½ - ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñ¹°ÁúÀû º»¼ºÀ» °æÇèÇϱâ)
±Ùº» ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ºü¸¥ ¹æ¹ý ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ¸¶À½ÀÇ Çüžø´Â º»¼ºÀ» °üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Mind over matter (¹°ÁúÀ§¿¡ ¸¶À½)
¸¶À½ÀÌ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ±â°è¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
Mongolia
After being almost exterminated by the communists, Mongolian Buddhism is now under threat from an invasion of Christian evangelists.
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Non-algorithmic phenomena (ºñ¾Ë°í¸®µëÀû Çö»ó)
'ºñ¾Ë°í¸®µëÀû Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱âÇϱ⠰¡Àå ¾î·Á¿î Á¡Àº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿ë¾î·Î ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ÇÏ´ÂÁö´Â ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ À̵éÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ±× ¼º°Ý ¶§¹®¿¡ À̸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. (¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ü°èº°·Î À̸¦ ¹¦»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÛ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)'O
Obscurantism
'At present the creationist/young earth view is winning within the US educational system, as more and more boards of education outlaw the teaching of evolution. The creationists' victory is being won not by the strength of their arguments, but by imposition of censorship. It is likely that soon many young Americans will simply never come into contact with the concepts of evolution either in their lessons or libraries.'
P
Parasites of the Mind
These two types of self-referential statement "propagate me" and "I am the only truth" provide the driving force for memes to invade the minds of their hosts. In addition, many memes contain the instructions "Help people who believe in this meme, attack people who do not". These commands being the ultimate cause of all religious wars throughout the centuries.Parietal Lobe and Mystical Experience
To the average Westerner, deliberately cultivating the idea that your ego doesn't exist as a fixed entity may seem weird and scary, but in fact it can be immensely liberating. As one of the researcher/meditators taking part in the study said "It feels like a loss of boundary. It's as if the film of your life broke and you were seeing the light that allowed the film to be projected"
Participatory anthropic principle (Âü¿©Àû ÀηùÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢)
ÃÊ±â ¸ÖÆ¼ ¿ìÁÖ´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¾öû³ª°Ô º´·Ä·Î ¿¬°áµÈ ¾çÀÚ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â ÇÑ »ý¸íü¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§±îÁö ¸ðµç °¡´É¼º-°ø°£À» ޱ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »ý¸íü´Â °üÂûÇÏ´Â ½À°ü, Áï Áß»ýÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ±× ¼ø°£ ¸ÖƼ ¿ìÁÖ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ È¯°æÀÇ ½Çü·Î ºØ±«µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Âü¿©Àû ÀηùÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® Àִµ¥ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚ John A.Wheeler°¡ 1983³â¿¡ ÁÖâÇß´Ù.
Peace of Mind (¸¶À½ÀÇ ÆòÈ)
'...¿À´Ã³¯ °íÅëÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµéÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò°í ¹®Á¦°¡ ÁÙ¾îµç °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Á¤¸»ÀÌÁö, Àü¿¡ ¾øÀÌ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦ ±×¸®°í ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ ºÒÇàÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â »çȸ¸¦ Àüü·Î ³õ°í º¼ ¶§ ¿ì¸® ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥Àº ¿ÜºÎ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ̳ª ÅëÁ¦¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù...'Philosophy for Children and Young People
- A small charity whose members are interested in the role of philosophical enquiry in education, both as a model of rigorous thinking and as a celebration of wonder and open-mindedness.
Psychology (½É¸®ÇÐ)
¸¶À½ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ±³Àû °üÁ¡Q
Qualia
'ºÒ±³µµ´Â ÀԷµǴ ½Å°æ ÀÓÆÞ½ºµéÀ» Áö½ÄÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ´Â µ¥ÀÌÅͱ¸Á¶³»·Î ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô Á¤·ÄÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌµé µ¥ÀÌÅͱ¸Á¶´Â ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ³²´Â´Ù. À̵é ÀÚü´Â Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¾Æ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù.'
Quantum phenomena (¾çÀÚ Çö»ó)
¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀº ÀáÀ缺ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦°¡ µÇ±â À§Çؼ´Â °üÂûÀÚ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.
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Rat race (Áã °æÁÖ)
'...¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» °üÁ¶ÇØ º¸¸é ´ëµÎºÐÀÇ ½Ã°£°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¹°ÁúÀû °¨Á¤Àû ¾ÈÀüÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í °¨°¢Àû ±â»ÝÀ» Áñ±â°Å³ª ÁÁÀº ¸í¼ºÀ» ½×´Â µîÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀû Ȱµ¿¿¡ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀϵéÀÌ ÂªÀº ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÇູÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ù¶ó´Â ±í°í ¿À·¡°¡´Â ¸¸Á·Àº ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Á¶¸¸°£ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ç൶Àº ºÒ¸¸Á·À¸·Î º¯ÇÏ°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ´õ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¸¸Á·À» Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù...'
Rebirth - reincarnation (Àç»ý - À±È¸)
'...Àç»ýÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½Àº ºÒ±³¿¡¸¸ ±¹ÇÑµÈ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù... ¸î¸î ±âµ¶±³½ÅÀÚµéÀº À¯´ë±³¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 'gilgul' or 'ibur'¶ó°í ¾ó·ÁÁø À±È¸³ª Àç»ýÀÇ °³³äÀÇ Á߿伺À» ±ú´Þ¾Ò¾ú´Ù. Áú¹®ÀÌ Çϳª »ý±ä´Ù. 'À±È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ À¯´ë±³¿¡ Àִµ¥ ¿Ö ±âµ¶±³¿¡ Àü´ÞµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Â°¡?' ºÒ±³¿Í À¯´ë±³ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½Àº, Á×À½¿¡µµ »ì¾Æ³²´Â °ÍÀº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¼¶¼¼ÇÏ°í ºñ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ¸¶À½À̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ¿ì¸®¿Í ´õºÒ¾î °¡Á®°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇØ ÀÌ »óŸ¦ °³¼±ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù...'Religious education and science
'...And so by the age of thirteen I had become totally cynical about religion, and although not a militant atheist, I took the default materialist position that everything is explainable in terms of the laws of physics...'
Selfish Gene
'We are built as gene machines and cultured as meme machines, but we have the power to turn against out creators. We, alone on earth, can rebel against the tyranny of the selfish replicators'
Sentient beings
What make a sentient being different from an automaton?
Sociology of religion
The social manipulations that religions perform to bring about their propagation.Sociology of Scientific Knowledge - SSK
From the mid 1970s to the late 1990s a cluster of irrationalist or anti-rationalist ideas became increasingly prevalent among academic sociologists in America, France and Britain. The ideas were variously known as Deconstructionism, Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, (SSK), Social Constructivism, or Science and Technology Studies (STS).Soul
...'The entity which survives death is known as 'The Soul' by Christians and as 'The Very Subtle Mind' by Buddhists . The terms 'Soul' and 'Mind' are not equivalent. There are a number of minor distinctions between the concepts which, taken by themselves, could be regarded simply as trivial doctrinal differences. However, there are also two major philosophical differences which separate the concepts of mind and soul into different ontological categories..'Spiritual Practice
'...Buddhists develop inner peace, kindness and wisdom through their daily practice; and then share their experience with others bringing real benefit to this world. They try not to harm others and to live peacefully and gently...'
Spooky action at a distance (EPR Paradox) (°Å¸®°¡ ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼ÀÇ µµ±úºñ °°Àº Çൿ (EPR ÆÄ¶óµ¶½º))
'°üÂûÀÚÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú ¾çÀÚ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°úÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå »ý»ýÇÑ º¸±â ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â EPR - the 'Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox' ¶Ç´Â '°Å¸®°¡ ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼ÀÇ µµ±úºñ °°Àº Çൿ'À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÇè Áõ°Å´Â °üÂûÀÚÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¹æÇظ¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ¼ø°£ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë»ó¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.
Stern and Gerlach's magnet
'(ÀÌ¹Ì °Å±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °üÂûÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù) °üÂûÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ¾çÀÚ ½Ã½ºÅÛ»óÀÇ ÁúÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ °ÍÀº Stern°ú GerlachÀÌ´Ù.Stress and information overload
'.....With the hectic pace and demands of modern life, many people feel stressed and over-worked. It often feels like there is just not enough time in the day to get everything done. Our stress and tiredness make us unhappy, impatient and frustrated. It can even affect ourhealth. We are often so busy we feel there is no time to stop and meditate! But meditation actually gives you more time by making your mind calmer and more focused. A simple ten or fifteen minute breathing meditation as explained here can help you to overcome your stress and find some inner peace and balance...'
Sunyata (shunyata)
The ultimate unfindability of the real nature of all phenomena - their lack inherent existence, is usually referred to by English-speaking Buddhists as 'emptiness', which is a translation of the Sanskrit word Sunyata (sometimes spelled Shunyata). According to David Loy the English word emptiness has a more nihilistic connotation than the original Sanskrit. The Sanskrit root su also conveys the concept of being swollen with possibility [LOY 1996]. It is therefore most important not to confuse emptiness with total nothingness. Emptiness implies the potential for existence and change.
Symbiotic mind (°ø»ýÀû ¸¶À½)
¾î¶² ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è ÀÌ»óÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀº »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ÀÚµ¿Àû ¹Ý»çÀÛ¿ë º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¹ß´ÞµÈ Á¶Á÷µéÀº º¹ÀâÇÑ È¯°æ¿¡¼ µ¿ÀÛÇϱâ À§ÇØ µ¿±â¿Í Àǵµ¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. µ¿±â¿Í Àǵµ´Â ÁÖ·Î dukkha - °íÅëÀ̳ª ºÒ¸¸Á·, ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ÇÇÇÏ·Á´Â ÇÊ¿ä ±×·¯³ª Áö¼ÓÀû Çູ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¿°ú¾ø´Â Ž»ö- ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¶Á¤µÈ´Ù. º¹ÀâÇÑ µ¿¹°ÀÇ »ýÁ¸°ú ¹ø½ÄÀÇ ¿øµ¿·ÂÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÇÄÀ» ÇÇÇϰí ÇູÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ±×µé ¸¶À½ÀÇ °íÅë°ú ÁýÂøÀÌ´Ù.Symbolism, Visualization and Ritual
Evocative symbols are interpreted by and affect the more subtle levels of the mind. Evocative symbolism is associated with art, architecture and poetry, especially where there is a spiritual aspect. Examples of evocative symbolism in the visual arts are icons, thangkas, mandalas, stained glass windows and statues of holy beings. Examples in architecture are stupas, mandalic temples, stone circles and the spiritually soaring structures of Gothic cathedrals. Examples in poetry are the 23rd Psalm and the Sadhana of Arya Tara.
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Tantra
'...Sentient beings have many different capacities for spiritual understanding and practice. For this reason, out of his compassion, Buddha Shakyamuni gave teachings at many levels..'
Tat Tvam Asi - That Thou Art
Is the mind of God separate from the minds of His creatures? Do we all have a spark of universal mind?
Teachings on Buddhism
Tibetan Death ChartTranspersonal Psychology (°³ÀÎÀÇ ÇѰ踦 ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ ½É¸®ÇÐ)
°³ÀÎÀÇ ÇѰ踦 ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ ½É¸®ÇÐÀº 20¼¼±â Á߹ݿ¡ Á¤·ÐÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¸® Àâ¾Ò´ø ¸¶À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â°èÀû ¶Ç´Â ÇൿÁÖÀÇÀû ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ¼ºÀåÇß´Ù. Charles T. Tart´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ 1960³â´ë ´ëÇÐ °æÇèÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ¸é¼ À̰ÍÀÌ Á¤·ÐÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¾ð±ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù. '½ÅºñÀû °æÇèó·³, ¾ð±ÞÀÌ µÇ±â¸¸ Çϸé(µå¹® °æ¿ìÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸) º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾ø´Â Á¤½ÅºÐ¿ÁõÀ̶ó°í °ÝÇϽÃ۰í ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹Ì½ÅÀû ³Í¼¾½º¿Í Á¾±³°¡ ¿¬°üµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾î¸®¼®Àº°¡¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.U
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in Science and Engineering (°úÇаú °øÇп¡¼ÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀÇ ºñÀ̼ºÀû È¿°ú)
¾ÆÀνºÅ¸ÀÎÀº "¿ìÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °¡Àå ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¿ìÁÖ°¡ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. Eugene Wigner´Â Pure Mathematics (Volume 13, Number 1, February 1960)¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ ³í¹® 'The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences' ¿¡¼ ÀÌ °üÂûÀ» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù.
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What's new
Updates to this site
Wicca - an intuitive reaction against materialism?
'As both Tibetan Buddhism and Wicca are growing rapidly in the English-speaking countries, there will come a time when there will need to be an interfaith dialogue between the two paths. The purpose of this article is to examine the similarities and differences between Wicca and Tibetan Buddhism.'Y
Young Earth
'The 'young-earth' viewpoint is similar to creationism. The theological motivation is identical - to defend Biblical chronology by proving that the world is only a few thousand years old. The challenge facing the 'young-earthers' is that all dating mechanisms which use the decay of naturally radioactive atoms in minerals agree that many of the earth's rocks were formed hundreds of millions of years ago. To get round this objection the 'young earthers' have either to invoke more conspiracy theories, or postulate that somehow the rate of radioactive decay was very much faster on the early earth than it is now. '
International readers and webmasters.
All essays and pages on this website are declared to be in the public domain (this applies to http://home.btclick.com/scimah pages only - not offsite links) and they may be freely printed and distributed. They may also be translated into other languages . Translations may be published on any website, but please include a link to the original essay page on this site.This website is under continual development (see background) and the range of topics covered will expand in future. Recent additions and changes are listed in What's new.